I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua nui ka nānā ʻana i ka graphene supermaterial. Akā he aha ka graphene? ʻAe, e noʻonoʻo i kahi mea i ʻoi aku ka ikaika o 200 ma mua o ke kila, akā 1000 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka māmā ma mua o ka pepa.
I ka makahiki 2004, ʻelua mau ʻepekema mai ke Kulanui o Manchester, ʻo Andrei Geim lāua ʻo Konstantin Novoselov, "pāʻani" me ka graphite. ʻAe, ʻo ka mea like āu e ʻike ai ma ka piko o kahi penikala. Makemake lākou e ʻike inā hiki ke wehe ʻia i ka papa hoʻokahi. No laila ua loaʻa iā lākou kahi mea hana maʻamau: duct tape.
"Hoʻomoe ʻoe i [ka lipine] ma luna o ka graphite a i ʻole mika a laila ʻili i ka papa luna," wehewehe ʻo Heim i ka BBC. Lele aku nā ʻōpala graphite mai ka lipine. A laila e pelu i ka lipine i ka hapalua a kāpili i ka pepa luna, a laila e hoʻokaʻawale hou. A laila e hana hou ʻoe i kēia kaʻina hana 10 a 20 mau manawa.
"I kēlā me kēia manawa e wāwahi ʻia nā flakes i nā ʻāpana lahilahi a lahilahi. I ka hopena, e mau ana nā flakes lahilahi ma ke kāʻei. Hoʻopau ʻoe i ka lipine a hemo nā mea a pau. "
ʻO ka mea kupanaha, ua hana kupanaha ke ʻano lipine. Ua alakaʻi kēia hoʻokolohua hoihoi i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā flakes graphene one-layer.
I ka makahiki 2010, ua loaʻa iā Heim lāua ʻo Novoselov ka Nobel Prize in Physics no ko lāua ʻike ʻana i ka graphene, he mea i haku ʻia me nā ʻātoma kalapona i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i loko o kahi lattice hexagonal, e like me ka uwea moa.
ʻO kekahi kumu nui o ka graphene he mea kupanaha kona ʻano. Hōʻike ʻia kahi papa hoʻokahi o ka graphene maʻemaʻe ma ke ʻano he papa o nā ʻātoma kalapona i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i loko o kahi ʻano lattice hexagonal. Hāʻawi kēia ʻano honeycomb atomic-scale i ka graphene i kona ikaika kupaianaha.
ʻO Graphene kekahi mea hoʻokele uila. Ma ka lumi wela, hoʻokele ʻo ia i ka uila ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe.
E hoʻomanaʻo i kēlā mau ʻātoma kalapona a mākou i kūkākūkā ai? ʻAe, loaʻa iā lākou kahi electron ʻē aʻe i kapa ʻia he pi electron. Ke neʻe kūʻokoʻa kēia electron, e ʻae iā ia e alakaʻi i ka hoʻokele ma o nā papa he nui o ka graphene me ka liʻiliʻi kūʻē.
Ua ʻike ʻia ka noiʻi hou ʻana i ka graphene ma Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) i kahi mea kupanaha: ke hoʻololi iki ʻoe (he 1.1 degere wale nō) i ʻelua papa o ka graphene ma waho o ka alignment, lilo ka graphene i superconductor.
ʻO ia ke ʻano hiki ke alakaʻi i ka uila me ke kū ʻole a i ʻole ka wela, e wehe ana i nā mea hoihoi no ka superconductivity e hiki mai ana i ka lumi wela.
ʻO kekahi o nā noi i manaʻo nui ʻia o ka graphene i loko o nā pihi. Mahalo i kāna conductivity maikaʻi loa, hiki iā mākou ke hana i nā pā graphene e hoʻopiʻi wikiwiki a lōʻihi hoʻi ma mua o nā pākahi lithium-ion hou.
Ua hele mua kekahi mau hui nui e like me Samsung a me Huawei i kēia ala, me ka manaʻo e hoʻokomo i kēia mau holomua i kā mākou mau hāmeʻa i kēlā me kēia lā.
"Ma ka 2024, ke manaʻo nei mākou e loaʻa nā huahana graphene ma ka mākeke," wahi a Andrea Ferrari, ka luna o ka Cambridge Graphene Center a me ka mea noiʻi ma ka Graphene Flagship, kahi hana i holo ʻia e European Graphene. Ke hoʻolilo nei ka hui i 1 biliona euros i nā papahana hui. nā papahana. Hoʻonui ka hui kuʻikahi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻenehana graphene.
Ke hoʻokumu nei nā hoa noiʻi o Flagship i nā pākahi graphene e hāʻawi ana i 20% ʻoi aku ka nui a me 15% ʻoi aʻe ka ikehu ma mua o nā ʻoihana kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o kēia lā. Ua hana nā pūʻulu ʻē aʻe i ka graphene-based solar cell i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o 20 pakeneka i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka lā i uila.
ʻOiai aia kekahi mau huahana mua i hoʻohana i ka hiki o ka graphene, e like me nā mea haʻuki Head, ʻo ka mea maikaʻi loa e hiki mai ana. E like me ka Ferrari i ʻōlelo ai: "Ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i ka graphene, akā ʻoiaʻiʻo ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i ka nui o nā koho e aʻo ʻia. Ke neʻe nei nā mea ma ke ala kūpono. "
Ua hoʻonui ʻia kēia ʻatikala me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana naʻauao artificial, ʻike ʻia, a hoʻoponopono ʻia e nā mea hoʻoponopono HowStuffWorks.
Ua hoʻohana ʻo Head i kēia mea kupanaha. ʻO kā lākou Graphene XT tennis racket i ʻōlelo ʻia he 20% māmā ma ke kaupaona like. He ʻenehana kipi maoli kēia!
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Ka manawa hoʻouna: Nov-21-2023